Estrogen-related mechanisms in sex differences of hypertension and target organ damage

Table 1 Examples of pertinent findings of estrogen administration

Effect	Sample	Reference
Increased baroreflex sensitivity	Postmenopausal women	[15]
Decreased renin levels & ACE activity	Postmenopausal women	[16, 17]
Increased eNOs & NO	Human umbilical vein & bovine aorta endothelial cells	[18]
Decreased sICAM1, VCAM1, IL-6 and plasma E-selectin	Postmenopausal women	[19]
Decreased left ventricular mass	Postmenopausal women	[20]
Decreased cardiomyocyte surface area	Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes	[21]
Accumulated nuclear phosphorylated protein kinase B	Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes	[22]
Decreased collagen; increased elastin	Primary human aortic smooth muscle cells	[23]
Increased leptin sensitivity; decreased insulin sensitivity	Ovariectomized Long-Evans rats	[24]
Decreased proteinuria, TGFB1 & PDGFA	Ovariectomized Wistar rats	[25]

ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme, eNOs endothelial NO synthase, IL-6 interleukin-6, NO nitric oxide, PDGFA platelet-derived growth factor subunit A, sICAM1 soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1, TGFB1 transforming growth factor beta 1, VCAM1 vascular cell adhesion molecule 1

ISSN: 2042-6410