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|
Parameter
|
Total population
|
Male
|
Female
|
P
|
|---|
|
N
|
3534
|
1878
|
1656
|
-
|
|
Age (years)
|
60.7 ± 18.8
|
61.1 ± 17.8
|
60.3 ± 20.0
|
0.18
|
|
Ethnicity
|
|
White (n, %)
|
3016 (85.3)
|
1589 (84.6)
|
1427 (86.2)
|
0.49
|
|
Black (n, %)
|
103 (2.9)
|
55 (2.9)
|
48 (2.9)
|
|
Asian (n, %)
|
338 (9.6)
|
188 (10.0)
|
150 (9.1)
|
|
Other (n, %)
|
77 (2.2)
|
46 (2.4)
|
31 (1.9)
|
|
Index of multiple deprivation
|
|
1
|
1571 (44.5%)
|
815 (43.4%)
|
756 (45.7%)
|
0.15
|
|
2
|
703 (19.9%)
|
366 (19.5%)
|
337 (20.4%)
|
|
3
|
662 (18.7%)
|
363 (19.3%)
|
299 (18.1%)
|
|
4–5
|
268 (7.6%)
|
157 (8.4%)
|
111 (6.7%)
|
|
Height (m)
|
1.65 ± 0.12
|
1.71 ± 0.10
|
1.57 ± 0.10
|
< 0.001
|
|
Weight (kg)
|
77.29 ± 20.74
|
81.77 ± 19.28
|
72.18 ± 21.16
|
< 0.001
|
|
BMI (kg/m2)
|
27.16 [8.50]
|
27.05 [7.50]
|
27.39 [9.90]
|
0.03
|
|
Diabetes (n, %)
|
677 (19.2)
|
389 (20.7)
|
288 (17.4)
|
0.01
|
|
Hypertension (n, %)
|
1327 (37.5)
|
751 (40.0)
|
576 (34.8)
|
0.001
|
|
Coronary Heart Disease (n, %)
|
430 (12.2)
|
300 (16.0)
|
130 (7.9)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Stroke (n, %)
|
127 (3.6)
|
63 (3.4)
|
64 (3.9)
|
0.42
|
|
Peripheral Vascular Disease (n, %)
|
168 (4.8)
|
120 (6.4)
|
48 (2.9)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Heart Failure (n, %)
|
318 (9.0)
|
188 (10.0)
|
130 (7.9)
|
0.02
|
|
Renal Disease (n, %)
|
160 (4.5)
|
92 (4.9)
|
68 (4.1)
|
0.25
|
|
Liver Disease (n, %)
|
39 (1.1)
|
24 (1.3)
|
15 (0.9)
|
0.29
|
|
Pulmonary Disease (n, %)
|
860 (24.3)
|
380 (20.2)
|
480 (29.0)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Malignancy (n, %)
|
440 (12.5)
|
295 (15.7)
|
145 (8.8)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Charlson Comorbidity Index
|
1.14 ± 1.50
|
1.22 ± 1.59
|
1.05 ± 1.37
|
0.021
|
|
Smoking
|
|
Current
|
921 (26.1%)
|
520 (27.7%)
|
401 (24.2%)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Ex-smoker
|
1286 (36.4%)
|
777 (41.4%)
|
509 (30.7%)
|
|
Alcohol
|
|
Moderate consumption (n, %)
|
779 (22.0)
|
547 (29.1)
|
232 (14.0)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Higher consumption (n, %)
|
430 (12.2)
|
312 (16.6)
|
118 (7.1)
|
|
Antihypertensive drugs (n, %)
|
1642 (46.5)
|
914 (48.7)
|
728 (44.0)
|
0.002
|
|
ACEI (n, %)
|
698 (19.8)
|
428 (22.8)
|
270 (16.3)
|
< 0.001
|
|
ARB (n, %)
|
285 (8.1)
|
152 (8.1)
|
133 (8.0)
|
0.90
|
|
CCB (n, %)
|
595 (16.8)
|
344 (18.3)
|
251 (15.2)
|
0.02
|
|
Diuretics (n, %)
|
710 (20.1)
|
341 (18.2)
|
369 (22.3)
|
0.002
|
|
Beta-blockers (n, %)
|
569 (16.1)
|
353 (18.8)
|
216 (13.0)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Alpha1-blockers (n, %)
|
194 (5.5)
|
149 (7.9)
|
45 (2.7)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Statins (n, %)
|
430 (12.2)
|
249 (13.3)
|
181 (10.9)
|
0.06
|
|
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (n, %)
|
109 (3.1)
|
54 (2.9)
|
55 (3.3)
|
0.47
|
|
Proton-pump inhibitors or histamine H2-receptor antagonists (n, %)
|
943 (26.7)
|
488 (26.0)
|
455 (27.5)
|
0.57
|
|
Haloperidol (n, %)
|
78 (2.2)
|
35 (1.9)
|
43 (2.6)
|
0.18
|
|
e-GFR (ml/min/1.73m2)
|
86.71 [36.59]
|
86.20 [35.94]
|
87.39 [37.32]
|
0.08
|
|
Creatinine (μmol/l)
|
74.00 [31.00]
|
83.00 [33.00]
|
64.50 [24.00]
|
< 0.001
|
|
Urea (mmol/l)
|
6.90 [4.20]
|
7.10 [4.00]
|
6.50 [4.40]
|
< 0.001
|
|
Sodium (mmol/l)
|
138.00 [4.00]
|
138.00 [4.00]
|
138.00 [4.00]
|
0.12
|
|
Potassium (mmol/l)
|
4.20 [0.60]
|
4.30 [0.60]
|
4.20 [0.60]
|
< 0.001
|
|
Haemoglobin (g/l)
|
125.00 [30.00]
|
129.00 [31.00]
|
120.00 [28.00]
|
< 0.001
|
|
Anaemia (n, %)
|
1730 (49.0)
|
937 (49.9)
|
793 (47.9)
|
0.267
|
- ACEI, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB, angiotensin receptor blockers, BMI, body mass index; CCB, calcium channel blockers; IMD, index of multiple deprivation
- Normally distributed variables are presented as mean ± standard deviation, non-normally distributed variables as median (interquartile range) and categorical variables as absolute frequency (proportion)
